Whatsapp Conversations Can’t Be Read As Evidence Without Mandatory Certificate Under Evidence Act: Delhi HC | Blogs | The Legal Lock
Whatsapp Conversations Can’t Be Read As Evidence Without Mandatory Certificate Under Evidence Act: Delhi HC
The Legal Lock
·13 min read
It is definitely most pertinent to note that while ruling on a very significant legal point pertaining to the evidentiary value of whatsapp conversations, the Delhi High Court in a most learned, laudable, landmark, logical and latest judgment titled Dell International Services India Private Limited vs Adeel Feroze & Ors in W.P.(C) 4733/2024 and cited in Neutral Citation No.: 2024:DHC:4954 that was pronounced as recently as on July 2, 2024 has minced just no words to state in no uncertain terms most unequivocally that Whatsapp conversations cannot be read as evidence without there being a proper certificate as mandated under the Evidence Act, 1872.
So it is mandatory that there should be a proper certificate also as held by the Delhi High Court in this leading case for whatsapp conversations to be read as evidence. It must be certainly mentioned here that the Single Judge Bench comprising of Hon’ble Mr Justice Subramonium Prasad of the Delhi High Court was dealing with a plea that had been moved by Dell International Services India Private Limited challenging an order that had been passed by the Delhi State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission in which it had upholded the District Commission’s order refusing to take on record its written statement on the ground that it was filed beyond the period of limitation.
We need to note here that a complaint was filed against Dell by one Adeel Firoz before the District Commission in 2022. Dell International had filed a screenshot of a conversation between it and Firoz to demonstrate that the entire copy of the complaint along with all the annexures was not received by it and it was only handed over to its counsel before the District Commission on January 31, 2023.
While rejecting the plea, the Court said very clearly that, “Further, there is no discussion of the same in the Order of the State Commission. In any event, the Whatsapp conversations cannot be read as evidence without there being a proper certificate as mandated under the Evidence Act, 1872.”
At the very outset, this brief, brilliant, bold and balanced judgment authored by the Single Judge Bench comprising of Hon’ble Mr Justice Subramonium Prasad of the Delhi High Court sets the ball in motion by first and foremost putting forth in para 1 that, “Petitioner has approached this Court under Article 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India challenging the Order dated 12.12.2023, passed by the Delhi State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission (hereinafter referred to as ‘the State Commission’) in Revision Petition No.51/2023 by which the State Commission has upheld the Order dated 04.07.2023, passed by the Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission (hereinafter referred to as ‘the District Commission’) in Complaint Case No.113/2022, which was filed by the Respondent No.1 herein against the Petitioner herein. Vide Order dated 04.07.2023, the District Commission has refused to take on record the written statement filed by the Petitioner herein on the ground that the same was filed beyond the period of limitation.”
As we see, the Bench specifies in para 2 stating that, “Considering the fact that the Consumer Forums are Tribunals which are vested with the powers to determine conclusively the rights of two or more contending parties with regard to any matter in controversy between them and being a purely judicial Tribunal and the matter arising out of revisional jurisdiction of the State Consumer Redressal Commission which would attract the power of superintendence under Article 227, this Court gave a suggestion to the learned Counsel for the Petitioner that it would be appropriate for the Petitioner to file a Civil Miscellaneous Main (CMM) Petition, which is the appropriate course while approaching this Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. However, the learned Counsel for the Petitioner declined the suggestion of this Court and contended that since the present Writ Petition is a composite petition under Article 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India, the same is maintainable.”
It must be noted that the Bench points out in para 3 that, “At this juncture, it is pertinent to mention that under Article 226 of the Constitution of India this Court holds Original Jurisdiction and under Article 227 of the Constitution of India this Court holds Appellate Jurisdiction.”
Truth be told, the Bench lays bare in para 4 that, “The present Writ Petition arises out of an Order passed in a Revision Petition and, therefore, in the present Writ Petition, this Court is sitting as an Appellate authority over a revisional order passed by a judicial tribunal. It is also pertinent to mention that the Apex Court in Ibrat Faizan v. Omaxe Buildhome Private Limited, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 620, after taking notice of its Judgment in Associated Cement Companies Limited v. P.N. Sharma, AIR 1965 SC 1595, has observed as under:
“44. An authority other than a court may be vested by statute with judicial power in widely different circumstances, which it would be impossible and indeed inadvisable to attempt to define exhaustively. The proper thing is to examine each case as it arises, and to ascertain whether the powers vested in the authority can be truly described as judicial functions or judicial powers of the State. For the purpose of this case, it is sufficient to say that any outside authority empowered by the State to determine conclusively the rights of two or more contending parties with regard to any matter in controversy between them satisfies the test of an authority vested with the judicial powers of the State and may be regarded as a tribunal within the meaning of Article 136. Such a power of adjudication implies that the authority must act judicially and must determine the dispute by ascertainment of the relevant facts on the materials before it and by application of the relevant law to those facts. This test of a tribunal is not meant to be exhaustive, and it may be that other bodies not satisfying this test are also tribunals. In order to be a tribunal, it is essential that the power of adjudication must be derived from a statute or a statutory rule. An authority or body deriving its power of adjudication from an agreement of the parties, such as a private arbitrator or a tribunal acting under Section 10-A of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, does not satisfy the test of a tribunal within Article 136. It matters little that such a body or authority is vested with the trappings of a court. The Arbitration Act, 1940 vests an arbitrator with some of the trappings of a court, so also the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 vests an authority acting under Section 10-A of the Act with many of such trappings, and yet, such bodies and authorities are not tribunals.
45. The word “tribunal” finds place in Article 227 of the Constitution also, and I think that there also the word has the same meaning as in Article 136.””
As it turned out, the Bench discloses in para 5 that, “Instead of filing the present Petition as a CMM, the Petitioner has chosen to file the present Writ Petition under Articles 226 & 227 of the Constitution of India for the reason that an LPA would not be maintainable against an Order passed by this Court in CMM. In order to avoid further delay, this Court, in the present Writ Petition, has also examined the case on merits as well.”
To put things in perspective, the Bench envisages in para 6 stating briefly that, “The facts of the case reveal that Respondent No.1 herein filed a Consumer Complaint Case No.113/2022 against the Petitioner herein before the District Commission on 19.09.2022. On 16.11.2022 summons was issued by the District Commission in the said complaint case. Admittedly, the summons was received by the Petitioner on 23.12.2022. It is stated that the documents received by the Petitioner on 23.12.2022 were incomplete. On the basis of the documents received by the Petitioner herein, a written statement was filed by the Petitioner on 31.01.2023.
Though the Written Statement was objected to by the learned counsel for the Respondent No.1 herein before the District Commission as it was filed beyond the time prescribed, however, the same was taken on record. It is also stated that the complete set of documents was also handed over by the Counsel for the Respondent No.1 herein to the Counsel for the Petitioner before the District Commission. On 18.04.2023, a rejoinder to the written statement was filed by the Petitioner herein and on 16.05.2023 an application for condonation of delay of seven days in filing the written statement was filed by the Petitioner herein before the District Commission. The District Commission dismissed the application of the Petitioner.”
Simply put, the Bench states in para 7 that, “The District Commission refused to condone the delay of seven days in filing the Written Statement because of the false case put up by the Petitioner herein. The Petitioner herein thereafter challenged the Order passed by the District Commission by filing a Revision Petition under Section 47B of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, before the State Commission.
The State Commission vide its Order dated 12.12.2023 found that there was no material irregularity in the Order dated 04.07.2023 and refused to exercise its revisional jurisdiction. It is this Order which has been challenged by the Petitioner in the present Writ Petition.”
In brief, the Bench notes in para 8 that, “The Petitioner has filed a screenshot of conversation between the Petitioner and the Respondent No.1 herein to demonstrate that the entire copy of the complaint along with all the annexures was not received by the Petitioner on 23.12.2022 and it was only handed-over to the counsel for the Petitioner before the District Commission only on 31.01.2023. The Whatsapp chats are reproduced herein.”
Do note, the Bench notes in para 9 that, “The District Commission examined the matter in great detail. It called for postal receipts of the documents which were sent along with the summons and were received by the Petitioner on 23.12.2022. The District Commission analysed the weight of the documents sent along with the summons and the postal charges and came to the conclusion that complete set of documents was sent along with the summons and the same was received by the Petitioner on 23.12.2022. The District Commission, therefore, held that the application of the Petitioner herein for condonation of delay of seven days in filing the Written Statement is not bona fide.”
Be it noted, the Bench notes in para 10 that, “This Court, under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India, is examining the present matter as an Appellate Authority and is exercising its power of superintendence. Even though the present Writ Petition is not a Writ of Certiorari, it is well established that even assuming that the instant case is one under writ of certiorari, then also the High Court does not sit as a Court of appeal and the Court is only concerned with the question as to whether the Tribunal has or has not acted without jurisdiction or contravened the principles of natural justice in the exercise of its jurisdiction.
The Court does not substitute its decision to the one arrived at by the authorities below just because another view is possible. Unless the view taken by the forum below is perverse or arbitrary, the Court does not interfere with the decision of the forum below under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.”
Most significantly, we must note that what really constitutes the cornerstone of this notable judgment is then encapsulated aptly in para 11 postulating that, “The screen shot of whatsapp conversations cannot be taken into account by this Court while dealing with a Writ Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, more so, when there is nothing to show that the conversations were produced before the State Commission as this Court does not find any reference of the same in the present Writ Petition.
Further, there is no discussion of the same in the Order of the State Commission. In any event, the Whatsapp conversations cannot be read as evidence without there being a proper certificate as mandated under the Evidence Act, 1872.”
It is worth noting that the Bench notes in para 12 that, “The State Commission, in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction, has come to the conclusion that no valid reason has been given by the Petitioner herein for condonation of delay in filing the written statement. At this juncture, it is pertinent to reproduce Section 38(2)(a) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the same reads as under:
“38. Procedure on admission of complaint.—
****
(2) Where the complaint relates to any goods, the District Commission shall,—
(a) refer a copy of the admitted complaint, within twenty-one days from the date of its admission to the opposite party mentioned in the complaint directing him to give his version of the case within a period of thirty days or such extended period not exceeding fifteen days as may be granted by it;......””
Quite naturally, the Bench propounds in para 13 that, “A reading of the abovementioned Section would show that the period of filing a written statement after receiving the copy of the complaint is 30 days and the same can be extended up to fifteen days if the District Commission deems it fit to do so. In the present case, the summons was issued on 17.12.2022 and it was received by the Petitioner herein on 23.12.2022 and the period of 30 days got over on 21.01.2023. The Petitioner filed its Written Statement only on 31.01.2023 and raised a plea that it has not received a complete set of documents along with the summons when, in fact, a complete set of documents has been served to the Petitioner along with the summons as is evident from the weight of the documents sent along with the summons and the postal charges.”
As a corollary, the Bench then holds in para 14 that, “In view of the above, this Court does not find any reason to hold that the reason given by the District Commission in refusing to condone the delay in filing the written submission is erroneous.”
Finally, the Bench then concludes by directing in para 15 that, “Accordingly, the Writ Petition is dismissed along with the pending applications, if any.”
In a nutshell, we thus see for ourselves very clearly that the Delhi High Court has made it absolutely clear in this notable judgment that whatsapp conversation can’t be read as evidence without being accompanied by a mandatory certificate under the Evidence Act. So it is thus surely the bounden duty of the courts to always ensure that before it goes on to read the whatsapp conversation as evidence, it is accompanied with the mandatory certificate under the Evidence Act as mandated so very commendably by the Delhi High Court in this leading judgment. No denying!
Written by:
Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate, s/o Col (Retd) BPS Sirohi,
